Suppose a pizza has 4 slices, and each slice can be topped with either peppers, onions, or both. How many...











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Suppose a pizza has 4 slices, and each slice can be topped with either peppers, onions, or both. How many different pizzas can be made?




I am using Burnside's counting theorem with the group $G=left {(1),r,r^{2},r^{3} right }$ acting on the set $left {P,O,B right }$. I understand why $|X_{(1)}|=81$ and $|X_{r}|=|X_{r^{3}}|=3$, but why does $|X_{r^{2}}|=9$?



I drew a diagram:



enter image description here



Wouldn't it still be $3$ options since none of the slices are the same as the original after two rotations?










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  • How do you define a unique pizza? It seems clear that symmetries of pizzas shouldn't count as different pizzas but If I have a plain pizza with mushrooms on one slice and peppers on another, does is matter whether or not the two slices with the toppings are adjacent to each other?
    – John Douma
    Nov 17 at 18:19










  • Suppose I am looking down at two pizzas. A has peppers on one slice and onions on the next slice clockwise. B has the onions counterclockwise from the peppers, thus the mirror image of A. Same or different?
    – Oscar Lanzi
    Nov 17 at 20:24










  • Hmmm, For $r^2$ then slices $1$ and $3$ must be equal and the slices $2$ $4$ must be equal. There are $3$ options that slice$1$ can be and $3$ options slice $2$ can be. So that's $3^2=9$ options.
    – fleablood
    Nov 17 at 21:00










  • "How do you define a unique pizza?" It's clear in the op unique up to rotation but not symmetry. "Same or different?" Different.
    – fleablood
    Nov 17 at 22:00










  • "Wouldn't it still be 3 options since none of the slices are the same as the original after two rotations?" No. After one rotation you have $1to 2;2to 3; 3to 4;4to 1$ so for this to be the SAME pizza we need $1=2=3=4$ and there are $3$ ways to do that. (All peppers, all onions, or all both). After two rotations you have $1to3;2to 4;3to1;4to 2$ so for this to be the same pizza we need $1=3; 2=4$ and there are $3*3=9$ was to do this. $1$ and $3$ are one of three toppings, and $2$ and $4$ are one of three toppings.
    – fleablood
    Nov 17 at 22:18















up vote
0
down vote

favorite













Suppose a pizza has 4 slices, and each slice can be topped with either peppers, onions, or both. How many different pizzas can be made?




I am using Burnside's counting theorem with the group $G=left {(1),r,r^{2},r^{3} right }$ acting on the set $left {P,O,B right }$. I understand why $|X_{(1)}|=81$ and $|X_{r}|=|X_{r^{3}}|=3$, but why does $|X_{r^{2}}|=9$?



I drew a diagram:



enter image description here



Wouldn't it still be $3$ options since none of the slices are the same as the original after two rotations?










share|cite|improve this question






















  • How do you define a unique pizza? It seems clear that symmetries of pizzas shouldn't count as different pizzas but If I have a plain pizza with mushrooms on one slice and peppers on another, does is matter whether or not the two slices with the toppings are adjacent to each other?
    – John Douma
    Nov 17 at 18:19










  • Suppose I am looking down at two pizzas. A has peppers on one slice and onions on the next slice clockwise. B has the onions counterclockwise from the peppers, thus the mirror image of A. Same or different?
    – Oscar Lanzi
    Nov 17 at 20:24










  • Hmmm, For $r^2$ then slices $1$ and $3$ must be equal and the slices $2$ $4$ must be equal. There are $3$ options that slice$1$ can be and $3$ options slice $2$ can be. So that's $3^2=9$ options.
    – fleablood
    Nov 17 at 21:00










  • "How do you define a unique pizza?" It's clear in the op unique up to rotation but not symmetry. "Same or different?" Different.
    – fleablood
    Nov 17 at 22:00










  • "Wouldn't it still be 3 options since none of the slices are the same as the original after two rotations?" No. After one rotation you have $1to 2;2to 3; 3to 4;4to 1$ so for this to be the SAME pizza we need $1=2=3=4$ and there are $3$ ways to do that. (All peppers, all onions, or all both). After two rotations you have $1to3;2to 4;3to1;4to 2$ so for this to be the same pizza we need $1=3; 2=4$ and there are $3*3=9$ was to do this. $1$ and $3$ are one of three toppings, and $2$ and $4$ are one of three toppings.
    – fleablood
    Nov 17 at 22:18













up vote
0
down vote

favorite









up vote
0
down vote

favorite












Suppose a pizza has 4 slices, and each slice can be topped with either peppers, onions, or both. How many different pizzas can be made?




I am using Burnside's counting theorem with the group $G=left {(1),r,r^{2},r^{3} right }$ acting on the set $left {P,O,B right }$. I understand why $|X_{(1)}|=81$ and $|X_{r}|=|X_{r^{3}}|=3$, but why does $|X_{r^{2}}|=9$?



I drew a diagram:



enter image description here



Wouldn't it still be $3$ options since none of the slices are the same as the original after two rotations?










share|cite|improve this question














Suppose a pizza has 4 slices, and each slice can be topped with either peppers, onions, or both. How many different pizzas can be made?




I am using Burnside's counting theorem with the group $G=left {(1),r,r^{2},r^{3} right }$ acting on the set $left {P,O,B right }$. I understand why $|X_{(1)}|=81$ and $|X_{r}|=|X_{r^{3}}|=3$, but why does $|X_{r^{2}}|=9$?



I drew a diagram:



enter image description here



Wouldn't it still be $3$ options since none of the slices are the same as the original after two rotations?







abstract-algebra combinatorics symmetric-groups word-problem






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asked Nov 17 at 18:08









numericalorange

1,652311




1,652311












  • How do you define a unique pizza? It seems clear that symmetries of pizzas shouldn't count as different pizzas but If I have a plain pizza with mushrooms on one slice and peppers on another, does is matter whether or not the two slices with the toppings are adjacent to each other?
    – John Douma
    Nov 17 at 18:19










  • Suppose I am looking down at two pizzas. A has peppers on one slice and onions on the next slice clockwise. B has the onions counterclockwise from the peppers, thus the mirror image of A. Same or different?
    – Oscar Lanzi
    Nov 17 at 20:24










  • Hmmm, For $r^2$ then slices $1$ and $3$ must be equal and the slices $2$ $4$ must be equal. There are $3$ options that slice$1$ can be and $3$ options slice $2$ can be. So that's $3^2=9$ options.
    – fleablood
    Nov 17 at 21:00










  • "How do you define a unique pizza?" It's clear in the op unique up to rotation but not symmetry. "Same or different?" Different.
    – fleablood
    Nov 17 at 22:00










  • "Wouldn't it still be 3 options since none of the slices are the same as the original after two rotations?" No. After one rotation you have $1to 2;2to 3; 3to 4;4to 1$ so for this to be the SAME pizza we need $1=2=3=4$ and there are $3$ ways to do that. (All peppers, all onions, or all both). After two rotations you have $1to3;2to 4;3to1;4to 2$ so for this to be the same pizza we need $1=3; 2=4$ and there are $3*3=9$ was to do this. $1$ and $3$ are one of three toppings, and $2$ and $4$ are one of three toppings.
    – fleablood
    Nov 17 at 22:18


















  • How do you define a unique pizza? It seems clear that symmetries of pizzas shouldn't count as different pizzas but If I have a plain pizza with mushrooms on one slice and peppers on another, does is matter whether or not the two slices with the toppings are adjacent to each other?
    – John Douma
    Nov 17 at 18:19










  • Suppose I am looking down at two pizzas. A has peppers on one slice and onions on the next slice clockwise. B has the onions counterclockwise from the peppers, thus the mirror image of A. Same or different?
    – Oscar Lanzi
    Nov 17 at 20:24










  • Hmmm, For $r^2$ then slices $1$ and $3$ must be equal and the slices $2$ $4$ must be equal. There are $3$ options that slice$1$ can be and $3$ options slice $2$ can be. So that's $3^2=9$ options.
    – fleablood
    Nov 17 at 21:00










  • "How do you define a unique pizza?" It's clear in the op unique up to rotation but not symmetry. "Same or different?" Different.
    – fleablood
    Nov 17 at 22:00










  • "Wouldn't it still be 3 options since none of the slices are the same as the original after two rotations?" No. After one rotation you have $1to 2;2to 3; 3to 4;4to 1$ so for this to be the SAME pizza we need $1=2=3=4$ and there are $3$ ways to do that. (All peppers, all onions, or all both). After two rotations you have $1to3;2to 4;3to1;4to 2$ so for this to be the same pizza we need $1=3; 2=4$ and there are $3*3=9$ was to do this. $1$ and $3$ are one of three toppings, and $2$ and $4$ are one of three toppings.
    – fleablood
    Nov 17 at 22:18
















How do you define a unique pizza? It seems clear that symmetries of pizzas shouldn't count as different pizzas but If I have a plain pizza with mushrooms on one slice and peppers on another, does is matter whether or not the two slices with the toppings are adjacent to each other?
– John Douma
Nov 17 at 18:19




How do you define a unique pizza? It seems clear that symmetries of pizzas shouldn't count as different pizzas but If I have a plain pizza with mushrooms on one slice and peppers on another, does is matter whether or not the two slices with the toppings are adjacent to each other?
– John Douma
Nov 17 at 18:19












Suppose I am looking down at two pizzas. A has peppers on one slice and onions on the next slice clockwise. B has the onions counterclockwise from the peppers, thus the mirror image of A. Same or different?
– Oscar Lanzi
Nov 17 at 20:24




Suppose I am looking down at two pizzas. A has peppers on one slice and onions on the next slice clockwise. B has the onions counterclockwise from the peppers, thus the mirror image of A. Same or different?
– Oscar Lanzi
Nov 17 at 20:24












Hmmm, For $r^2$ then slices $1$ and $3$ must be equal and the slices $2$ $4$ must be equal. There are $3$ options that slice$1$ can be and $3$ options slice $2$ can be. So that's $3^2=9$ options.
– fleablood
Nov 17 at 21:00




Hmmm, For $r^2$ then slices $1$ and $3$ must be equal and the slices $2$ $4$ must be equal. There are $3$ options that slice$1$ can be and $3$ options slice $2$ can be. So that's $3^2=9$ options.
– fleablood
Nov 17 at 21:00












"How do you define a unique pizza?" It's clear in the op unique up to rotation but not symmetry. "Same or different?" Different.
– fleablood
Nov 17 at 22:00




"How do you define a unique pizza?" It's clear in the op unique up to rotation but not symmetry. "Same or different?" Different.
– fleablood
Nov 17 at 22:00












"Wouldn't it still be 3 options since none of the slices are the same as the original after two rotations?" No. After one rotation you have $1to 2;2to 3; 3to 4;4to 1$ so for this to be the SAME pizza we need $1=2=3=4$ and there are $3$ ways to do that. (All peppers, all onions, or all both). After two rotations you have $1to3;2to 4;3to1;4to 2$ so for this to be the same pizza we need $1=3; 2=4$ and there are $3*3=9$ was to do this. $1$ and $3$ are one of three toppings, and $2$ and $4$ are one of three toppings.
– fleablood
Nov 17 at 22:18




"Wouldn't it still be 3 options since none of the slices are the same as the original after two rotations?" No. After one rotation you have $1to 2;2to 3; 3to 4;4to 1$ so for this to be the SAME pizza we need $1=2=3=4$ and there are $3$ ways to do that. (All peppers, all onions, or all both). After two rotations you have $1to3;2to 4;3to1;4to 2$ so for this to be the same pizza we need $1=3; 2=4$ and there are $3*3=9$ was to do this. $1$ and $3$ are one of three toppings, and $2$ and $4$ are one of three toppings.
– fleablood
Nov 17 at 22:18










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There are $3^4$ ways to top the four slices. $|X_g|$ are the number of those ways that will still be the same four slices in the same position after we rotate the pizza rotation $g$.



Let the original slices of the pizza be $a,b,c,d$ and $g_a, g_b, g_c, g_d$. be slices after rotation.



For $1$ (don't rotate the pizza) we have $1_a = a; 1_b=b; 1_c =c; 1_d = d$.



The $X_1$ are the pizzas that don't change when we don't do anything. ... Well, that's every one of the $81$ pizzas. Or to be thorough. $X_1$ are the pizzas where $1_a = a = a; 1_b=b=b; 1_c=c=c$ and $1_d =d=d$. And $1_a = a = a$ can be any of the $3$ options and ... so on.



Fr $r$ (rotate the pizza $90^circ$) we have $r_a = d; r_b=a; r_c=d; r_d = a$. (Because the slice now in the $a$ slot was origianlly in the $d$ slot and so on. If your intuition is the exact opposite and you think $r_a$ should equal $b$ because the original $a$ slice is now in the $b$ slot... when that works too; we just have to be consistant. For me, is seems to me $g_k$ means "the slice that is now in the $k$ spot was originally in what slot".)



So For the $X_r$ are the pizzas in which $r_a = d= a; r_b= a = b; r_c = b=c; r_d = a = d$. (In other words the ones where slice $a$ once rotated to position $b$ still has the same topping that the original slice in position $b$ had.) This means $a = b = c =d$. I.e.all the slices are the same. And $|X_r| = 3$ because there are $3$ options that this topping can be.



And $r^2$ (rotating $180^circ$) means $r^2_a = c; r^2_b = d; r^2_c = a; r^2_d = b$. So $X_{r^2}$ are the pizzas where $r^2_a = c = a; r^2_b = d = b; r^2_c = a= c; $ and $r^2_d=a = d$. Or in other words where $c=a; b=d$. Slice $a = c$ can be anly of $3$ options as can $b=d$. So $|X_{r^2}| = 3^2 = 9$.



Similarly $r^3$ (rotating $270^{circ}$) mean $r^3_a = b; r^3_b=c; r^3_c = d; r^3_d =a$ and $X_{r^3}$ are where $r^3_a = b =a; r^3_b=c=b;r^3_c=d=c; r^3_d =a =d$ or $a=b=c=d$ and $|X_{r^3}| = 3$.



So by Burnside's Counting Theorem there are:



$frac 1{|G|}(|X_1| + |X_r| + |X_{r^2}| + |X_{r^3}| ) =frac 14(81 + 3+ 9 + 3) = 24$.



Which.. seemms to work:



All the same: 1111, 22222, 3333,(three choices for the 1, one way to arrange it.)



Three of one, one of another: 1222,1333,2111,2333,3111,3222 (three choices for three slices, two for the remaining one)



Two of one, two of another: 1122,1212,1133,1313,2233,2323 (three pairs, two ways to arrange)



Two of one, one of each of the others: 1123,1132,1213, 2213,2231, 2123, 3312, 3321, 3132 (Three choices for the two slices, three ways to arrange them)






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    Denote peppers by $1$, onions by $2$ and both by $3$.



    Since there are $3$ different choices for each slice, there are $3$ ways to make a pizza with every slice the same.



    Suppose $3$ of the slices are the same. Then there are $2$ choices for the fourth slice so there are $3cdot 2=6$ ways to make a pizza with $3$ slices the same.



    Suppose $2$ of the slices are the same. Note that there are only $3$ choices for each of $4$ slices so at least two of the slices must be the same.



    There are $3$ ways to make two of the slices the same and the remaining two slices can be either the same or different. Given a topping for the two slices that are the same, there is only one way to make the remaining two slices different for a total of $3$ ways. For each topping on the first two slices, there are $2$ ways to make the other two slices the same for a total of $6$ ways to get pairs of slices with identical toppings. But each of these gets counted twice, e.g. $(1122)$ and $(2211)$, so there are only $3$ ways to create pairs of identical slices for a total of $6$ ways to have two identical slices.



    Therefore, we can make $3+6+6=15$ different pizzas.






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    • This assumes that 1212 is the same as 1122. I think the OP made it clear pizzas are only the same if they can be rotated to coincide. As 1212 = 2121 but 1122 $ne$ 1212 and 1231 = 1123 $ne$ 1132$ nor does it equal 1213.
      – fleablood
      Nov 17 at 22:06










    • @fleablood I wondered about that. I even asked. I assumed two pizzas were isomorphic if they both satisfy the same set of consumers. So, for your $1213$ example, two slices are peppers, one is is onions and one is both. Any permutation satisfies the owners of the individual slices. I will delete this answer if the OP chimes in and clarifies. If these were circles whose quarter sectors were painted different colors then we would be in perfect agreement that $1123ne 1213$.
      – John Douma
      Nov 17 at 22:13










    • I'm basing my assumptions entirely upon that the OP is attempting to use Burnside theorem. One has to admit that in practicality people will care how many slices of what we have but no-one will really care how the slices are arranged. On the other extreme we could say there is a NORTH, EAST, WEST, SOUTH slice and three options for each so there are $81$ pizzas. Which means rotating a pizza makes it a different pizza.
      – fleablood
      Nov 17 at 22:37










    • @fleablood I understand your point and have a practical example. Suppose a kid wins his first go-cart race and his parents want to get him a pizza that looks like a checkered flag. They do this by ordering a pizza with mushrooms in the upper left and lower right sectors and plain, otherwise. They would not be happy if a half plain and half mushroom pizza was delivered.
      – John Douma
      Nov 17 at 22:39










    • ... But what if it were delivered sideways?! That instead of the mushrooms in the upper left and lower right corners, the mushrooms were in the upper right and lower left corners! Or the pizza was twisted sideways so the mushrooms were on the top and bottom! Or the left and right!
      – fleablood
      Nov 18 at 0:18











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    There are $3^4$ ways to top the four slices. $|X_g|$ are the number of those ways that will still be the same four slices in the same position after we rotate the pizza rotation $g$.



    Let the original slices of the pizza be $a,b,c,d$ and $g_a, g_b, g_c, g_d$. be slices after rotation.



    For $1$ (don't rotate the pizza) we have $1_a = a; 1_b=b; 1_c =c; 1_d = d$.



    The $X_1$ are the pizzas that don't change when we don't do anything. ... Well, that's every one of the $81$ pizzas. Or to be thorough. $X_1$ are the pizzas where $1_a = a = a; 1_b=b=b; 1_c=c=c$ and $1_d =d=d$. And $1_a = a = a$ can be any of the $3$ options and ... so on.



    Fr $r$ (rotate the pizza $90^circ$) we have $r_a = d; r_b=a; r_c=d; r_d = a$. (Because the slice now in the $a$ slot was origianlly in the $d$ slot and so on. If your intuition is the exact opposite and you think $r_a$ should equal $b$ because the original $a$ slice is now in the $b$ slot... when that works too; we just have to be consistant. For me, is seems to me $g_k$ means "the slice that is now in the $k$ spot was originally in what slot".)



    So For the $X_r$ are the pizzas in which $r_a = d= a; r_b= a = b; r_c = b=c; r_d = a = d$. (In other words the ones where slice $a$ once rotated to position $b$ still has the same topping that the original slice in position $b$ had.) This means $a = b = c =d$. I.e.all the slices are the same. And $|X_r| = 3$ because there are $3$ options that this topping can be.



    And $r^2$ (rotating $180^circ$) means $r^2_a = c; r^2_b = d; r^2_c = a; r^2_d = b$. So $X_{r^2}$ are the pizzas where $r^2_a = c = a; r^2_b = d = b; r^2_c = a= c; $ and $r^2_d=a = d$. Or in other words where $c=a; b=d$. Slice $a = c$ can be anly of $3$ options as can $b=d$. So $|X_{r^2}| = 3^2 = 9$.



    Similarly $r^3$ (rotating $270^{circ}$) mean $r^3_a = b; r^3_b=c; r^3_c = d; r^3_d =a$ and $X_{r^3}$ are where $r^3_a = b =a; r^3_b=c=b;r^3_c=d=c; r^3_d =a =d$ or $a=b=c=d$ and $|X_{r^3}| = 3$.



    So by Burnside's Counting Theorem there are:



    $frac 1{|G|}(|X_1| + |X_r| + |X_{r^2}| + |X_{r^3}| ) =frac 14(81 + 3+ 9 + 3) = 24$.



    Which.. seemms to work:



    All the same: 1111, 22222, 3333,(three choices for the 1, one way to arrange it.)



    Three of one, one of another: 1222,1333,2111,2333,3111,3222 (three choices for three slices, two for the remaining one)



    Two of one, two of another: 1122,1212,1133,1313,2233,2323 (three pairs, two ways to arrange)



    Two of one, one of each of the others: 1123,1132,1213, 2213,2231, 2123, 3312, 3321, 3132 (Three choices for the two slices, three ways to arrange them)






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      There are $3^4$ ways to top the four slices. $|X_g|$ are the number of those ways that will still be the same four slices in the same position after we rotate the pizza rotation $g$.



      Let the original slices of the pizza be $a,b,c,d$ and $g_a, g_b, g_c, g_d$. be slices after rotation.



      For $1$ (don't rotate the pizza) we have $1_a = a; 1_b=b; 1_c =c; 1_d = d$.



      The $X_1$ are the pizzas that don't change when we don't do anything. ... Well, that's every one of the $81$ pizzas. Or to be thorough. $X_1$ are the pizzas where $1_a = a = a; 1_b=b=b; 1_c=c=c$ and $1_d =d=d$. And $1_a = a = a$ can be any of the $3$ options and ... so on.



      Fr $r$ (rotate the pizza $90^circ$) we have $r_a = d; r_b=a; r_c=d; r_d = a$. (Because the slice now in the $a$ slot was origianlly in the $d$ slot and so on. If your intuition is the exact opposite and you think $r_a$ should equal $b$ because the original $a$ slice is now in the $b$ slot... when that works too; we just have to be consistant. For me, is seems to me $g_k$ means "the slice that is now in the $k$ spot was originally in what slot".)



      So For the $X_r$ are the pizzas in which $r_a = d= a; r_b= a = b; r_c = b=c; r_d = a = d$. (In other words the ones where slice $a$ once rotated to position $b$ still has the same topping that the original slice in position $b$ had.) This means $a = b = c =d$. I.e.all the slices are the same. And $|X_r| = 3$ because there are $3$ options that this topping can be.



      And $r^2$ (rotating $180^circ$) means $r^2_a = c; r^2_b = d; r^2_c = a; r^2_d = b$. So $X_{r^2}$ are the pizzas where $r^2_a = c = a; r^2_b = d = b; r^2_c = a= c; $ and $r^2_d=a = d$. Or in other words where $c=a; b=d$. Slice $a = c$ can be anly of $3$ options as can $b=d$. So $|X_{r^2}| = 3^2 = 9$.



      Similarly $r^3$ (rotating $270^{circ}$) mean $r^3_a = b; r^3_b=c; r^3_c = d; r^3_d =a$ and $X_{r^3}$ are where $r^3_a = b =a; r^3_b=c=b;r^3_c=d=c; r^3_d =a =d$ or $a=b=c=d$ and $|X_{r^3}| = 3$.



      So by Burnside's Counting Theorem there are:



      $frac 1{|G|}(|X_1| + |X_r| + |X_{r^2}| + |X_{r^3}| ) =frac 14(81 + 3+ 9 + 3) = 24$.



      Which.. seemms to work:



      All the same: 1111, 22222, 3333,(three choices for the 1, one way to arrange it.)



      Three of one, one of another: 1222,1333,2111,2333,3111,3222 (three choices for three slices, two for the remaining one)



      Two of one, two of another: 1122,1212,1133,1313,2233,2323 (three pairs, two ways to arrange)



      Two of one, one of each of the others: 1123,1132,1213, 2213,2231, 2123, 3312, 3321, 3132 (Three choices for the two slices, three ways to arrange them)






      share|cite|improve this answer

























        up vote
        2
        down vote



        accepted







        up vote
        2
        down vote



        accepted






        There are $3^4$ ways to top the four slices. $|X_g|$ are the number of those ways that will still be the same four slices in the same position after we rotate the pizza rotation $g$.



        Let the original slices of the pizza be $a,b,c,d$ and $g_a, g_b, g_c, g_d$. be slices after rotation.



        For $1$ (don't rotate the pizza) we have $1_a = a; 1_b=b; 1_c =c; 1_d = d$.



        The $X_1$ are the pizzas that don't change when we don't do anything. ... Well, that's every one of the $81$ pizzas. Or to be thorough. $X_1$ are the pizzas where $1_a = a = a; 1_b=b=b; 1_c=c=c$ and $1_d =d=d$. And $1_a = a = a$ can be any of the $3$ options and ... so on.



        Fr $r$ (rotate the pizza $90^circ$) we have $r_a = d; r_b=a; r_c=d; r_d = a$. (Because the slice now in the $a$ slot was origianlly in the $d$ slot and so on. If your intuition is the exact opposite and you think $r_a$ should equal $b$ because the original $a$ slice is now in the $b$ slot... when that works too; we just have to be consistant. For me, is seems to me $g_k$ means "the slice that is now in the $k$ spot was originally in what slot".)



        So For the $X_r$ are the pizzas in which $r_a = d= a; r_b= a = b; r_c = b=c; r_d = a = d$. (In other words the ones where slice $a$ once rotated to position $b$ still has the same topping that the original slice in position $b$ had.) This means $a = b = c =d$. I.e.all the slices are the same. And $|X_r| = 3$ because there are $3$ options that this topping can be.



        And $r^2$ (rotating $180^circ$) means $r^2_a = c; r^2_b = d; r^2_c = a; r^2_d = b$. So $X_{r^2}$ are the pizzas where $r^2_a = c = a; r^2_b = d = b; r^2_c = a= c; $ and $r^2_d=a = d$. Or in other words where $c=a; b=d$. Slice $a = c$ can be anly of $3$ options as can $b=d$. So $|X_{r^2}| = 3^2 = 9$.



        Similarly $r^3$ (rotating $270^{circ}$) mean $r^3_a = b; r^3_b=c; r^3_c = d; r^3_d =a$ and $X_{r^3}$ are where $r^3_a = b =a; r^3_b=c=b;r^3_c=d=c; r^3_d =a =d$ or $a=b=c=d$ and $|X_{r^3}| = 3$.



        So by Burnside's Counting Theorem there are:



        $frac 1{|G|}(|X_1| + |X_r| + |X_{r^2}| + |X_{r^3}| ) =frac 14(81 + 3+ 9 + 3) = 24$.



        Which.. seemms to work:



        All the same: 1111, 22222, 3333,(three choices for the 1, one way to arrange it.)



        Three of one, one of another: 1222,1333,2111,2333,3111,3222 (three choices for three slices, two for the remaining one)



        Two of one, two of another: 1122,1212,1133,1313,2233,2323 (three pairs, two ways to arrange)



        Two of one, one of each of the others: 1123,1132,1213, 2213,2231, 2123, 3312, 3321, 3132 (Three choices for the two slices, three ways to arrange them)






        share|cite|improve this answer














        There are $3^4$ ways to top the four slices. $|X_g|$ are the number of those ways that will still be the same four slices in the same position after we rotate the pizza rotation $g$.



        Let the original slices of the pizza be $a,b,c,d$ and $g_a, g_b, g_c, g_d$. be slices after rotation.



        For $1$ (don't rotate the pizza) we have $1_a = a; 1_b=b; 1_c =c; 1_d = d$.



        The $X_1$ are the pizzas that don't change when we don't do anything. ... Well, that's every one of the $81$ pizzas. Or to be thorough. $X_1$ are the pizzas where $1_a = a = a; 1_b=b=b; 1_c=c=c$ and $1_d =d=d$. And $1_a = a = a$ can be any of the $3$ options and ... so on.



        Fr $r$ (rotate the pizza $90^circ$) we have $r_a = d; r_b=a; r_c=d; r_d = a$. (Because the slice now in the $a$ slot was origianlly in the $d$ slot and so on. If your intuition is the exact opposite and you think $r_a$ should equal $b$ because the original $a$ slice is now in the $b$ slot... when that works too; we just have to be consistant. For me, is seems to me $g_k$ means "the slice that is now in the $k$ spot was originally in what slot".)



        So For the $X_r$ are the pizzas in which $r_a = d= a; r_b= a = b; r_c = b=c; r_d = a = d$. (In other words the ones where slice $a$ once rotated to position $b$ still has the same topping that the original slice in position $b$ had.) This means $a = b = c =d$. I.e.all the slices are the same. And $|X_r| = 3$ because there are $3$ options that this topping can be.



        And $r^2$ (rotating $180^circ$) means $r^2_a = c; r^2_b = d; r^2_c = a; r^2_d = b$. So $X_{r^2}$ are the pizzas where $r^2_a = c = a; r^2_b = d = b; r^2_c = a= c; $ and $r^2_d=a = d$. Or in other words where $c=a; b=d$. Slice $a = c$ can be anly of $3$ options as can $b=d$. So $|X_{r^2}| = 3^2 = 9$.



        Similarly $r^3$ (rotating $270^{circ}$) mean $r^3_a = b; r^3_b=c; r^3_c = d; r^3_d =a$ and $X_{r^3}$ are where $r^3_a = b =a; r^3_b=c=b;r^3_c=d=c; r^3_d =a =d$ or $a=b=c=d$ and $|X_{r^3}| = 3$.



        So by Burnside's Counting Theorem there are:



        $frac 1{|G|}(|X_1| + |X_r| + |X_{r^2}| + |X_{r^3}| ) =frac 14(81 + 3+ 9 + 3) = 24$.



        Which.. seemms to work:



        All the same: 1111, 22222, 3333,(three choices for the 1, one way to arrange it.)



        Three of one, one of another: 1222,1333,2111,2333,3111,3222 (three choices for three slices, two for the remaining one)



        Two of one, two of another: 1122,1212,1133,1313,2233,2323 (three pairs, two ways to arrange)



        Two of one, one of each of the others: 1123,1132,1213, 2213,2231, 2123, 3312, 3321, 3132 (Three choices for the two slices, three ways to arrange them)







        share|cite|improve this answer














        share|cite|improve this answer



        share|cite|improve this answer








        edited Nov 17 at 22:13

























        answered Nov 17 at 21:59









        fleablood

        66.5k22684




        66.5k22684






















            up vote
            1
            down vote













            Denote peppers by $1$, onions by $2$ and both by $3$.



            Since there are $3$ different choices for each slice, there are $3$ ways to make a pizza with every slice the same.



            Suppose $3$ of the slices are the same. Then there are $2$ choices for the fourth slice so there are $3cdot 2=6$ ways to make a pizza with $3$ slices the same.



            Suppose $2$ of the slices are the same. Note that there are only $3$ choices for each of $4$ slices so at least two of the slices must be the same.



            There are $3$ ways to make two of the slices the same and the remaining two slices can be either the same or different. Given a topping for the two slices that are the same, there is only one way to make the remaining two slices different for a total of $3$ ways. For each topping on the first two slices, there are $2$ ways to make the other two slices the same for a total of $6$ ways to get pairs of slices with identical toppings. But each of these gets counted twice, e.g. $(1122)$ and $(2211)$, so there are only $3$ ways to create pairs of identical slices for a total of $6$ ways to have two identical slices.



            Therefore, we can make $3+6+6=15$ different pizzas.






            share|cite|improve this answer























            • This assumes that 1212 is the same as 1122. I think the OP made it clear pizzas are only the same if they can be rotated to coincide. As 1212 = 2121 but 1122 $ne$ 1212 and 1231 = 1123 $ne$ 1132$ nor does it equal 1213.
              – fleablood
              Nov 17 at 22:06










            • @fleablood I wondered about that. I even asked. I assumed two pizzas were isomorphic if they both satisfy the same set of consumers. So, for your $1213$ example, two slices are peppers, one is is onions and one is both. Any permutation satisfies the owners of the individual slices. I will delete this answer if the OP chimes in and clarifies. If these were circles whose quarter sectors were painted different colors then we would be in perfect agreement that $1123ne 1213$.
              – John Douma
              Nov 17 at 22:13










            • I'm basing my assumptions entirely upon that the OP is attempting to use Burnside theorem. One has to admit that in practicality people will care how many slices of what we have but no-one will really care how the slices are arranged. On the other extreme we could say there is a NORTH, EAST, WEST, SOUTH slice and three options for each so there are $81$ pizzas. Which means rotating a pizza makes it a different pizza.
              – fleablood
              Nov 17 at 22:37










            • @fleablood I understand your point and have a practical example. Suppose a kid wins his first go-cart race and his parents want to get him a pizza that looks like a checkered flag. They do this by ordering a pizza with mushrooms in the upper left and lower right sectors and plain, otherwise. They would not be happy if a half plain and half mushroom pizza was delivered.
              – John Douma
              Nov 17 at 22:39










            • ... But what if it were delivered sideways?! That instead of the mushrooms in the upper left and lower right corners, the mushrooms were in the upper right and lower left corners! Or the pizza was twisted sideways so the mushrooms were on the top and bottom! Or the left and right!
              – fleablood
              Nov 18 at 0:18















            up vote
            1
            down vote













            Denote peppers by $1$, onions by $2$ and both by $3$.



            Since there are $3$ different choices for each slice, there are $3$ ways to make a pizza with every slice the same.



            Suppose $3$ of the slices are the same. Then there are $2$ choices for the fourth slice so there are $3cdot 2=6$ ways to make a pizza with $3$ slices the same.



            Suppose $2$ of the slices are the same. Note that there are only $3$ choices for each of $4$ slices so at least two of the slices must be the same.



            There are $3$ ways to make two of the slices the same and the remaining two slices can be either the same or different. Given a topping for the two slices that are the same, there is only one way to make the remaining two slices different for a total of $3$ ways. For each topping on the first two slices, there are $2$ ways to make the other two slices the same for a total of $6$ ways to get pairs of slices with identical toppings. But each of these gets counted twice, e.g. $(1122)$ and $(2211)$, so there are only $3$ ways to create pairs of identical slices for a total of $6$ ways to have two identical slices.



            Therefore, we can make $3+6+6=15$ different pizzas.






            share|cite|improve this answer























            • This assumes that 1212 is the same as 1122. I think the OP made it clear pizzas are only the same if they can be rotated to coincide. As 1212 = 2121 but 1122 $ne$ 1212 and 1231 = 1123 $ne$ 1132$ nor does it equal 1213.
              – fleablood
              Nov 17 at 22:06










            • @fleablood I wondered about that. I even asked. I assumed two pizzas were isomorphic if they both satisfy the same set of consumers. So, for your $1213$ example, two slices are peppers, one is is onions and one is both. Any permutation satisfies the owners of the individual slices. I will delete this answer if the OP chimes in and clarifies. If these were circles whose quarter sectors were painted different colors then we would be in perfect agreement that $1123ne 1213$.
              – John Douma
              Nov 17 at 22:13










            • I'm basing my assumptions entirely upon that the OP is attempting to use Burnside theorem. One has to admit that in practicality people will care how many slices of what we have but no-one will really care how the slices are arranged. On the other extreme we could say there is a NORTH, EAST, WEST, SOUTH slice and three options for each so there are $81$ pizzas. Which means rotating a pizza makes it a different pizza.
              – fleablood
              Nov 17 at 22:37










            • @fleablood I understand your point and have a practical example. Suppose a kid wins his first go-cart race and his parents want to get him a pizza that looks like a checkered flag. They do this by ordering a pizza with mushrooms in the upper left and lower right sectors and plain, otherwise. They would not be happy if a half plain and half mushroom pizza was delivered.
              – John Douma
              Nov 17 at 22:39










            • ... But what if it were delivered sideways?! That instead of the mushrooms in the upper left and lower right corners, the mushrooms were in the upper right and lower left corners! Or the pizza was twisted sideways so the mushrooms were on the top and bottom! Or the left and right!
              – fleablood
              Nov 18 at 0:18













            up vote
            1
            down vote










            up vote
            1
            down vote









            Denote peppers by $1$, onions by $2$ and both by $3$.



            Since there are $3$ different choices for each slice, there are $3$ ways to make a pizza with every slice the same.



            Suppose $3$ of the slices are the same. Then there are $2$ choices for the fourth slice so there are $3cdot 2=6$ ways to make a pizza with $3$ slices the same.



            Suppose $2$ of the slices are the same. Note that there are only $3$ choices for each of $4$ slices so at least two of the slices must be the same.



            There are $3$ ways to make two of the slices the same and the remaining two slices can be either the same or different. Given a topping for the two slices that are the same, there is only one way to make the remaining two slices different for a total of $3$ ways. For each topping on the first two slices, there are $2$ ways to make the other two slices the same for a total of $6$ ways to get pairs of slices with identical toppings. But each of these gets counted twice, e.g. $(1122)$ and $(2211)$, so there are only $3$ ways to create pairs of identical slices for a total of $6$ ways to have two identical slices.



            Therefore, we can make $3+6+6=15$ different pizzas.






            share|cite|improve this answer














            Denote peppers by $1$, onions by $2$ and both by $3$.



            Since there are $3$ different choices for each slice, there are $3$ ways to make a pizza with every slice the same.



            Suppose $3$ of the slices are the same. Then there are $2$ choices for the fourth slice so there are $3cdot 2=6$ ways to make a pizza with $3$ slices the same.



            Suppose $2$ of the slices are the same. Note that there are only $3$ choices for each of $4$ slices so at least two of the slices must be the same.



            There are $3$ ways to make two of the slices the same and the remaining two slices can be either the same or different. Given a topping for the two slices that are the same, there is only one way to make the remaining two slices different for a total of $3$ ways. For each topping on the first two slices, there are $2$ ways to make the other two slices the same for a total of $6$ ways to get pairs of slices with identical toppings. But each of these gets counted twice, e.g. $(1122)$ and $(2211)$, so there are only $3$ ways to create pairs of identical slices for a total of $6$ ways to have two identical slices.



            Therefore, we can make $3+6+6=15$ different pizzas.







            share|cite|improve this answer














            share|cite|improve this answer



            share|cite|improve this answer








            edited Nov 17 at 19:56

























            answered Nov 17 at 19:00









            John Douma

            5,13611319




            5,13611319












            • This assumes that 1212 is the same as 1122. I think the OP made it clear pizzas are only the same if they can be rotated to coincide. As 1212 = 2121 but 1122 $ne$ 1212 and 1231 = 1123 $ne$ 1132$ nor does it equal 1213.
              – fleablood
              Nov 17 at 22:06










            • @fleablood I wondered about that. I even asked. I assumed two pizzas were isomorphic if they both satisfy the same set of consumers. So, for your $1213$ example, two slices are peppers, one is is onions and one is both. Any permutation satisfies the owners of the individual slices. I will delete this answer if the OP chimes in and clarifies. If these were circles whose quarter sectors were painted different colors then we would be in perfect agreement that $1123ne 1213$.
              – John Douma
              Nov 17 at 22:13










            • I'm basing my assumptions entirely upon that the OP is attempting to use Burnside theorem. One has to admit that in practicality people will care how many slices of what we have but no-one will really care how the slices are arranged. On the other extreme we could say there is a NORTH, EAST, WEST, SOUTH slice and three options for each so there are $81$ pizzas. Which means rotating a pizza makes it a different pizza.
              – fleablood
              Nov 17 at 22:37










            • @fleablood I understand your point and have a practical example. Suppose a kid wins his first go-cart race and his parents want to get him a pizza that looks like a checkered flag. They do this by ordering a pizza with mushrooms in the upper left and lower right sectors and plain, otherwise. They would not be happy if a half plain and half mushroom pizza was delivered.
              – John Douma
              Nov 17 at 22:39










            • ... But what if it were delivered sideways?! That instead of the mushrooms in the upper left and lower right corners, the mushrooms were in the upper right and lower left corners! Or the pizza was twisted sideways so the mushrooms were on the top and bottom! Or the left and right!
              – fleablood
              Nov 18 at 0:18


















            • This assumes that 1212 is the same as 1122. I think the OP made it clear pizzas are only the same if they can be rotated to coincide. As 1212 = 2121 but 1122 $ne$ 1212 and 1231 = 1123 $ne$ 1132$ nor does it equal 1213.
              – fleablood
              Nov 17 at 22:06










            • @fleablood I wondered about that. I even asked. I assumed two pizzas were isomorphic if they both satisfy the same set of consumers. So, for your $1213$ example, two slices are peppers, one is is onions and one is both. Any permutation satisfies the owners of the individual slices. I will delete this answer if the OP chimes in and clarifies. If these were circles whose quarter sectors were painted different colors then we would be in perfect agreement that $1123ne 1213$.
              – John Douma
              Nov 17 at 22:13










            • I'm basing my assumptions entirely upon that the OP is attempting to use Burnside theorem. One has to admit that in practicality people will care how many slices of what we have but no-one will really care how the slices are arranged. On the other extreme we could say there is a NORTH, EAST, WEST, SOUTH slice and three options for each so there are $81$ pizzas. Which means rotating a pizza makes it a different pizza.
              – fleablood
              Nov 17 at 22:37










            • @fleablood I understand your point and have a practical example. Suppose a kid wins his first go-cart race and his parents want to get him a pizza that looks like a checkered flag. They do this by ordering a pizza with mushrooms in the upper left and lower right sectors and plain, otherwise. They would not be happy if a half plain and half mushroom pizza was delivered.
              – John Douma
              Nov 17 at 22:39










            • ... But what if it were delivered sideways?! That instead of the mushrooms in the upper left and lower right corners, the mushrooms were in the upper right and lower left corners! Or the pizza was twisted sideways so the mushrooms were on the top and bottom! Or the left and right!
              – fleablood
              Nov 18 at 0:18
















            This assumes that 1212 is the same as 1122. I think the OP made it clear pizzas are only the same if they can be rotated to coincide. As 1212 = 2121 but 1122 $ne$ 1212 and 1231 = 1123 $ne$ 1132$ nor does it equal 1213.
            – fleablood
            Nov 17 at 22:06




            This assumes that 1212 is the same as 1122. I think the OP made it clear pizzas are only the same if they can be rotated to coincide. As 1212 = 2121 but 1122 $ne$ 1212 and 1231 = 1123 $ne$ 1132$ nor does it equal 1213.
            – fleablood
            Nov 17 at 22:06












            @fleablood I wondered about that. I even asked. I assumed two pizzas were isomorphic if they both satisfy the same set of consumers. So, for your $1213$ example, two slices are peppers, one is is onions and one is both. Any permutation satisfies the owners of the individual slices. I will delete this answer if the OP chimes in and clarifies. If these were circles whose quarter sectors were painted different colors then we would be in perfect agreement that $1123ne 1213$.
            – John Douma
            Nov 17 at 22:13




            @fleablood I wondered about that. I even asked. I assumed two pizzas were isomorphic if they both satisfy the same set of consumers. So, for your $1213$ example, two slices are peppers, one is is onions and one is both. Any permutation satisfies the owners of the individual slices. I will delete this answer if the OP chimes in and clarifies. If these were circles whose quarter sectors were painted different colors then we would be in perfect agreement that $1123ne 1213$.
            – John Douma
            Nov 17 at 22:13












            I'm basing my assumptions entirely upon that the OP is attempting to use Burnside theorem. One has to admit that in practicality people will care how many slices of what we have but no-one will really care how the slices are arranged. On the other extreme we could say there is a NORTH, EAST, WEST, SOUTH slice and three options for each so there are $81$ pizzas. Which means rotating a pizza makes it a different pizza.
            – fleablood
            Nov 17 at 22:37




            I'm basing my assumptions entirely upon that the OP is attempting to use Burnside theorem. One has to admit that in practicality people will care how many slices of what we have but no-one will really care how the slices are arranged. On the other extreme we could say there is a NORTH, EAST, WEST, SOUTH slice and three options for each so there are $81$ pizzas. Which means rotating a pizza makes it a different pizza.
            – fleablood
            Nov 17 at 22:37












            @fleablood I understand your point and have a practical example. Suppose a kid wins his first go-cart race and his parents want to get him a pizza that looks like a checkered flag. They do this by ordering a pizza with mushrooms in the upper left and lower right sectors and plain, otherwise. They would not be happy if a half plain and half mushroom pizza was delivered.
            – John Douma
            Nov 17 at 22:39




            @fleablood I understand your point and have a practical example. Suppose a kid wins his first go-cart race and his parents want to get him a pizza that looks like a checkered flag. They do this by ordering a pizza with mushrooms in the upper left and lower right sectors and plain, otherwise. They would not be happy if a half plain and half mushroom pizza was delivered.
            – John Douma
            Nov 17 at 22:39












            ... But what if it were delivered sideways?! That instead of the mushrooms in the upper left and lower right corners, the mushrooms were in the upper right and lower left corners! Or the pizza was twisted sideways so the mushrooms were on the top and bottom! Or the left and right!
            – fleablood
            Nov 18 at 0:18




            ... But what if it were delivered sideways?! That instead of the mushrooms in the upper left and lower right corners, the mushrooms were in the upper right and lower left corners! Or the pizza was twisted sideways so the mushrooms were on the top and bottom! Or the left and right!
            – fleablood
            Nov 18 at 0:18


















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