Gauge invariance of the Hamiltonian for particle on external electric field











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Let us assume we consider a problem of free electrons in an external
electric field
$$hat{H}(mathbf{r})=-frac{hbar^2}{2m}nabla^2-ePhi(mathbf{r},t),$$
where $-nabla Phi(mathbf{r},t) =Emathbf{e}_x$.
Show that the Hamilton operator can be written into the form
$$hat{H}(mathbf{r},mathbf{R}(t))=frac{1}{2m}left(-ihbar nabla+mathbf{R}(t)right)^2,$$
where $mathbf{R}(t) = emathbf{A}'(t)$. Here, $mathbf{A}'(t)$ is the vector potential after we have exploited the gauge freedom of the electromagnetic potentials
$$mathbf{E}(mathbf{r},t)=Emathbf{e}_x=-nabla Phi'(mathbf{r},t)-frac{partial}{partial t}mathbf{A}'(t).$$




I know that the electromagnetic potential have the property of gauge invariance given by
$$mathbf{A}' to mathbf{A} +nabla chi$$
$$Phi' to Phi -frac{partial chi}{partial t}$$
where we took $c=1$ for simplicity. Looking at the Hamiltonian, it suggests that $mathbf{A}(t)=0$, so that $mathbf{A}'=nabla chi$.



I've tried to plug in the parameter $mathbf{R}(t)$ into the Hamiltonian I should write (the one dependant on $mathbf{R}(t)$), but I don't get the first one.



Any suggestions? Any help would be appreciate.










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    down vote

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    Let us assume we consider a problem of free electrons in an external
    electric field
    $$hat{H}(mathbf{r})=-frac{hbar^2}{2m}nabla^2-ePhi(mathbf{r},t),$$
    where $-nabla Phi(mathbf{r},t) =Emathbf{e}_x$.
    Show that the Hamilton operator can be written into the form
    $$hat{H}(mathbf{r},mathbf{R}(t))=frac{1}{2m}left(-ihbar nabla+mathbf{R}(t)right)^2,$$
    where $mathbf{R}(t) = emathbf{A}'(t)$. Here, $mathbf{A}'(t)$ is the vector potential after we have exploited the gauge freedom of the electromagnetic potentials
    $$mathbf{E}(mathbf{r},t)=Emathbf{e}_x=-nabla Phi'(mathbf{r},t)-frac{partial}{partial t}mathbf{A}'(t).$$




    I know that the electromagnetic potential have the property of gauge invariance given by
    $$mathbf{A}' to mathbf{A} +nabla chi$$
    $$Phi' to Phi -frac{partial chi}{partial t}$$
    where we took $c=1$ for simplicity. Looking at the Hamiltonian, it suggests that $mathbf{A}(t)=0$, so that $mathbf{A}'=nabla chi$.



    I've tried to plug in the parameter $mathbf{R}(t)$ into the Hamiltonian I should write (the one dependant on $mathbf{R}(t)$), but I don't get the first one.



    Any suggestions? Any help would be appreciate.










    share|cite|improve this question
























      up vote
      0
      down vote

      favorite









      up vote
      0
      down vote

      favorite












      Let us assume we consider a problem of free electrons in an external
      electric field
      $$hat{H}(mathbf{r})=-frac{hbar^2}{2m}nabla^2-ePhi(mathbf{r},t),$$
      where $-nabla Phi(mathbf{r},t) =Emathbf{e}_x$.
      Show that the Hamilton operator can be written into the form
      $$hat{H}(mathbf{r},mathbf{R}(t))=frac{1}{2m}left(-ihbar nabla+mathbf{R}(t)right)^2,$$
      where $mathbf{R}(t) = emathbf{A}'(t)$. Here, $mathbf{A}'(t)$ is the vector potential after we have exploited the gauge freedom of the electromagnetic potentials
      $$mathbf{E}(mathbf{r},t)=Emathbf{e}_x=-nabla Phi'(mathbf{r},t)-frac{partial}{partial t}mathbf{A}'(t).$$




      I know that the electromagnetic potential have the property of gauge invariance given by
      $$mathbf{A}' to mathbf{A} +nabla chi$$
      $$Phi' to Phi -frac{partial chi}{partial t}$$
      where we took $c=1$ for simplicity. Looking at the Hamiltonian, it suggests that $mathbf{A}(t)=0$, so that $mathbf{A}'=nabla chi$.



      I've tried to plug in the parameter $mathbf{R}(t)$ into the Hamiltonian I should write (the one dependant on $mathbf{R}(t)$), but I don't get the first one.



      Any suggestions? Any help would be appreciate.










      share|cite|improve this question














      Let us assume we consider a problem of free electrons in an external
      electric field
      $$hat{H}(mathbf{r})=-frac{hbar^2}{2m}nabla^2-ePhi(mathbf{r},t),$$
      where $-nabla Phi(mathbf{r},t) =Emathbf{e}_x$.
      Show that the Hamilton operator can be written into the form
      $$hat{H}(mathbf{r},mathbf{R}(t))=frac{1}{2m}left(-ihbar nabla+mathbf{R}(t)right)^2,$$
      where $mathbf{R}(t) = emathbf{A}'(t)$. Here, $mathbf{A}'(t)$ is the vector potential after we have exploited the gauge freedom of the electromagnetic potentials
      $$mathbf{E}(mathbf{r},t)=Emathbf{e}_x=-nabla Phi'(mathbf{r},t)-frac{partial}{partial t}mathbf{A}'(t).$$




      I know that the electromagnetic potential have the property of gauge invariance given by
      $$mathbf{A}' to mathbf{A} +nabla chi$$
      $$Phi' to Phi -frac{partial chi}{partial t}$$
      where we took $c=1$ for simplicity. Looking at the Hamiltonian, it suggests that $mathbf{A}(t)=0$, so that $mathbf{A}'=nabla chi$.



      I've tried to plug in the parameter $mathbf{R}(t)$ into the Hamiltonian I should write (the one dependant on $mathbf{R}(t)$), but I don't get the first one.



      Any suggestions? Any help would be appreciate.







      physics quantum-mechanics electromagnetism






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      asked Nov 17 at 11:48









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