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If we have a non-decreasing Cauchy sequence of non-negative real numbers ${x_n}$, will the sequence of partial sums ${S_n}_{n=1}^{infty}$ where $S_n= x_1 + x_2 +..+x_n$ converges?

Suppose $S_n$ converges, it implies $x_nto 0$

Since we have $x_nge 0$ then the sequence will be globally decreasing (e.g $forall n exists n_0>n mid forall i> n_0,,x_ile x_{n_0}$)

But the sequence can be non-decreasing while being globally decreasing. It suffice for instance to interleave two decreasing sequences.

$x_{2n} = dfrac{1}{n^alpha}$ and $x_{2n+1}=dfrac{2}{n^alpha}$ for instance.

We have $(x_{2n})_nsearrow$ and $(x_{2n+1})_nsearrow$ but $x_{2n+1}>x_{2n}$ so $(x_n)_n$ is non-decreasing.

Depending on the value of $alpha$ the partial sum $S_n$ will converge or diverge.

So the answer for the TITLE is YES, you can construct such series, take $alpha=2$ for instance.

And the answer for the wording below is NOT NECESSARILY, take $alpha=1$ for instance.

No. All that being a Cauchy sequence tells you is that the terms eventually get very close to each other. However, the could do this in the vicinity of $5$, for example $a_n = 5 + dfrac 1n$. Then the sum is $ge 5+5+5 + cdots$, which diverges.

No. All convergent sequences are Cauchy, but that doesn't mean that a series of positive terms which tend to $0$ (hence the sequence of these terms is Cauchy) is itself Cauchy, as this would imply that a series with positive terms converges if and only if its general tends to $0$, which false in $mathbf R$ (but is true in the field of $p$-adic numbers).