Using Parseval's identity to show that $frac{pi^2}{8}=1+frac{1}{3^2}+frac{1}{5^2}+frac{1}{7^2}+…$
up vote
2
down vote
favorite
By considering the Fourier sine series on the interval $[0,pi]$ for $f(x)=1$, show that $$frac{pi^2}{8}=1+frac{1}{3^2}+frac{1}{5^2}+frac{1}{7^2}+...$$
I am having trouble computing the Fourier sine series, which will have the form $$Sf(x)=frac{a_0}{2}+sum_{k=1}^{infty} a_kcosleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right), kgeq 1.$$
I have computed that $a_0=1$ and $a_n=0$, using $$a_0=frac{1}{L}int_{-L}^{L} f(x) dx, a_k=frac{1}{L}int_{-L}^{L} f(x)cosleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right) dx,$$ where $L$ denotes half a period. Once the correct Fourier series is calculated, showing the result using $$Vert{f}Vert^2_{w}=sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w,$$
should not be so hard.
I have found the Fourier sine series, $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ But I having trouble proving the identity in the title. Using Parseval's identity provided above, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result (out by a factor of $pi$). Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$. Please help.
differential-equations proof-verification fourier-analysis
add a comment |
up vote
2
down vote
favorite
By considering the Fourier sine series on the interval $[0,pi]$ for $f(x)=1$, show that $$frac{pi^2}{8}=1+frac{1}{3^2}+frac{1}{5^2}+frac{1}{7^2}+...$$
I am having trouble computing the Fourier sine series, which will have the form $$Sf(x)=frac{a_0}{2}+sum_{k=1}^{infty} a_kcosleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right), kgeq 1.$$
I have computed that $a_0=1$ and $a_n=0$, using $$a_0=frac{1}{L}int_{-L}^{L} f(x) dx, a_k=frac{1}{L}int_{-L}^{L} f(x)cosleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right) dx,$$ where $L$ denotes half a period. Once the correct Fourier series is calculated, showing the result using $$Vert{f}Vert^2_{w}=sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w,$$
should not be so hard.
I have found the Fourier sine series, $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ But I having trouble proving the identity in the title. Using Parseval's identity provided above, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result (out by a factor of $pi$). Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$. Please help.
differential-equations proof-verification fourier-analysis
1
The Fourier sine series should be a series in sine, not cosine. There should also be no constant term in the series.
– Mattos
22 hours ago
Crap. Is this because we are considering an odd function?
– JulianAngussmith
22 hours ago
No, it's because the question is asking you to compute the sine series. Note that $f$ is neither even nor odd as it stands, so you need to make an odd extension before computing the coefficients.
– Mattos
22 hours ago
I think you want the function as $f(x)=1$ for $0<x<pi$ and $f(x)=-1$ for $0>x>-pi$. You should get a sine series $sum_1^infty a_ksin kx$. But, if you ask me, complex Fourier series with terms $e^{inx}$ are easier to work with.
– Lord Shark the Unknown
22 hours ago
@Lord Shark the Unknown Yep, I agree with your extension of the function. You have forced it to be odd. How do I now calculate the Fourier series? For instance, do I now consider the interval $[-pi,pi]$? But then what value should I take for $f$? I very much appreciate your help.
– JulianAngussmith
22 hours ago
add a comment |
up vote
2
down vote
favorite
up vote
2
down vote
favorite
By considering the Fourier sine series on the interval $[0,pi]$ for $f(x)=1$, show that $$frac{pi^2}{8}=1+frac{1}{3^2}+frac{1}{5^2}+frac{1}{7^2}+...$$
I am having trouble computing the Fourier sine series, which will have the form $$Sf(x)=frac{a_0}{2}+sum_{k=1}^{infty} a_kcosleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right), kgeq 1.$$
I have computed that $a_0=1$ and $a_n=0$, using $$a_0=frac{1}{L}int_{-L}^{L} f(x) dx, a_k=frac{1}{L}int_{-L}^{L} f(x)cosleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right) dx,$$ where $L$ denotes half a period. Once the correct Fourier series is calculated, showing the result using $$Vert{f}Vert^2_{w}=sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w,$$
should not be so hard.
I have found the Fourier sine series, $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ But I having trouble proving the identity in the title. Using Parseval's identity provided above, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result (out by a factor of $pi$). Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$. Please help.
differential-equations proof-verification fourier-analysis
By considering the Fourier sine series on the interval $[0,pi]$ for $f(x)=1$, show that $$frac{pi^2}{8}=1+frac{1}{3^2}+frac{1}{5^2}+frac{1}{7^2}+...$$
I am having trouble computing the Fourier sine series, which will have the form $$Sf(x)=frac{a_0}{2}+sum_{k=1}^{infty} a_kcosleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right), kgeq 1.$$
I have computed that $a_0=1$ and $a_n=0$, using $$a_0=frac{1}{L}int_{-L}^{L} f(x) dx, a_k=frac{1}{L}int_{-L}^{L} f(x)cosleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right) dx,$$ where $L$ denotes half a period. Once the correct Fourier series is calculated, showing the result using $$Vert{f}Vert^2_{w}=sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w,$$
should not be so hard.
I have found the Fourier sine series, $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ But I having trouble proving the identity in the title. Using Parseval's identity provided above, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result (out by a factor of $pi$). Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$. Please help.
differential-equations proof-verification fourier-analysis
differential-equations proof-verification fourier-analysis
edited 19 hours ago
asked 22 hours ago
JulianAngussmith
2110
2110
1
The Fourier sine series should be a series in sine, not cosine. There should also be no constant term in the series.
– Mattos
22 hours ago
Crap. Is this because we are considering an odd function?
– JulianAngussmith
22 hours ago
No, it's because the question is asking you to compute the sine series. Note that $f$ is neither even nor odd as it stands, so you need to make an odd extension before computing the coefficients.
– Mattos
22 hours ago
I think you want the function as $f(x)=1$ for $0<x<pi$ and $f(x)=-1$ for $0>x>-pi$. You should get a sine series $sum_1^infty a_ksin kx$. But, if you ask me, complex Fourier series with terms $e^{inx}$ are easier to work with.
– Lord Shark the Unknown
22 hours ago
@Lord Shark the Unknown Yep, I agree with your extension of the function. You have forced it to be odd. How do I now calculate the Fourier series? For instance, do I now consider the interval $[-pi,pi]$? But then what value should I take for $f$? I very much appreciate your help.
– JulianAngussmith
22 hours ago
add a comment |
1
The Fourier sine series should be a series in sine, not cosine. There should also be no constant term in the series.
– Mattos
22 hours ago
Crap. Is this because we are considering an odd function?
– JulianAngussmith
22 hours ago
No, it's because the question is asking you to compute the sine series. Note that $f$ is neither even nor odd as it stands, so you need to make an odd extension before computing the coefficients.
– Mattos
22 hours ago
I think you want the function as $f(x)=1$ for $0<x<pi$ and $f(x)=-1$ for $0>x>-pi$. You should get a sine series $sum_1^infty a_ksin kx$. But, if you ask me, complex Fourier series with terms $e^{inx}$ are easier to work with.
– Lord Shark the Unknown
22 hours ago
@Lord Shark the Unknown Yep, I agree with your extension of the function. You have forced it to be odd. How do I now calculate the Fourier series? For instance, do I now consider the interval $[-pi,pi]$? But then what value should I take for $f$? I very much appreciate your help.
– JulianAngussmith
22 hours ago
1
1
The Fourier sine series should be a series in sine, not cosine. There should also be no constant term in the series.
– Mattos
22 hours ago
The Fourier sine series should be a series in sine, not cosine. There should also be no constant term in the series.
– Mattos
22 hours ago
Crap. Is this because we are considering an odd function?
– JulianAngussmith
22 hours ago
Crap. Is this because we are considering an odd function?
– JulianAngussmith
22 hours ago
No, it's because the question is asking you to compute the sine series. Note that $f$ is neither even nor odd as it stands, so you need to make an odd extension before computing the coefficients.
– Mattos
22 hours ago
No, it's because the question is asking you to compute the sine series. Note that $f$ is neither even nor odd as it stands, so you need to make an odd extension before computing the coefficients.
– Mattos
22 hours ago
I think you want the function as $f(x)=1$ for $0<x<pi$ and $f(x)=-1$ for $0>x>-pi$. You should get a sine series $sum_1^infty a_ksin kx$. But, if you ask me, complex Fourier series with terms $e^{inx}$ are easier to work with.
– Lord Shark the Unknown
22 hours ago
I think you want the function as $f(x)=1$ for $0<x<pi$ and $f(x)=-1$ for $0>x>-pi$. You should get a sine series $sum_1^infty a_ksin kx$. But, if you ask me, complex Fourier series with terms $e^{inx}$ are easier to work with.
– Lord Shark the Unknown
22 hours ago
@Lord Shark the Unknown Yep, I agree with your extension of the function. You have forced it to be odd. How do I now calculate the Fourier series? For instance, do I now consider the interval $[-pi,pi]$? But then what value should I take for $f$? I very much appreciate your help.
– JulianAngussmith
22 hours ago
@Lord Shark the Unknown Yep, I agree with your extension of the function. You have forced it to be odd. How do I now calculate the Fourier series? For instance, do I now consider the interval $[-pi,pi]$? But then what value should I take for $f$? I very much appreciate your help.
– JulianAngussmith
22 hours ago
add a comment |
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
up vote
2
down vote
As mentioned in the comments, you're looking for a series of sines, not cosines here. I'm guessing you went for cosines because the function is even, like cosine. But the interval you're looking at here is $[0,pi]$, not $[-pi,pi]$, and in fact in this interval it is the sine function that is symmetric (because $sin(pi-x)=sin x$).
Your Fourier series should then look something like $displaystyle sum a_ksinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right)$, where the $a_k$ are instead given by
$$a_k=frac{2}{pi}int_0^pi f(x)sinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right),dx$$
(so integrating over just half of the interval, from $0$ to $pi$).
Another way to get this same series is to instead extend $f$ by defining $$f(x)=begin{cases}1&x>0\-1&x<0end{cases}$$
on the entire interval $[-pi,pi]$. Now you can use the form of the Fourier series you have in your question; since the function is odd, its series will have only sines. On the interval $[0,pi]$ it is just equal to $1$ still, though.
Thanks, with you help I have found the correct Fourier sine series: $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ Could you please assist me in concluding the problem using Parseval's identity provided above? Using this, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result... Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$.
– JulianAngussmith
20 hours ago
@JulianAngussmith : isn't the integral of $f^{2}$ over [0,$pi$] equal to $pi$? I think that's what you are missing.
– Sorin Tirc
19 hours ago
Ah yes, thank you a lot! Can I also ask, why does $w=1$?
– JulianAngussmith
19 hours ago
add a comment |
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
up vote
2
down vote
As mentioned in the comments, you're looking for a series of sines, not cosines here. I'm guessing you went for cosines because the function is even, like cosine. But the interval you're looking at here is $[0,pi]$, not $[-pi,pi]$, and in fact in this interval it is the sine function that is symmetric (because $sin(pi-x)=sin x$).
Your Fourier series should then look something like $displaystyle sum a_ksinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right)$, where the $a_k$ are instead given by
$$a_k=frac{2}{pi}int_0^pi f(x)sinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right),dx$$
(so integrating over just half of the interval, from $0$ to $pi$).
Another way to get this same series is to instead extend $f$ by defining $$f(x)=begin{cases}1&x>0\-1&x<0end{cases}$$
on the entire interval $[-pi,pi]$. Now you can use the form of the Fourier series you have in your question; since the function is odd, its series will have only sines. On the interval $[0,pi]$ it is just equal to $1$ still, though.
Thanks, with you help I have found the correct Fourier sine series: $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ Could you please assist me in concluding the problem using Parseval's identity provided above? Using this, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result... Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$.
– JulianAngussmith
20 hours ago
@JulianAngussmith : isn't the integral of $f^{2}$ over [0,$pi$] equal to $pi$? I think that's what you are missing.
– Sorin Tirc
19 hours ago
Ah yes, thank you a lot! Can I also ask, why does $w=1$?
– JulianAngussmith
19 hours ago
add a comment |
up vote
2
down vote
As mentioned in the comments, you're looking for a series of sines, not cosines here. I'm guessing you went for cosines because the function is even, like cosine. But the interval you're looking at here is $[0,pi]$, not $[-pi,pi]$, and in fact in this interval it is the sine function that is symmetric (because $sin(pi-x)=sin x$).
Your Fourier series should then look something like $displaystyle sum a_ksinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right)$, where the $a_k$ are instead given by
$$a_k=frac{2}{pi}int_0^pi f(x)sinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right),dx$$
(so integrating over just half of the interval, from $0$ to $pi$).
Another way to get this same series is to instead extend $f$ by defining $$f(x)=begin{cases}1&x>0\-1&x<0end{cases}$$
on the entire interval $[-pi,pi]$. Now you can use the form of the Fourier series you have in your question; since the function is odd, its series will have only sines. On the interval $[0,pi]$ it is just equal to $1$ still, though.
Thanks, with you help I have found the correct Fourier sine series: $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ Could you please assist me in concluding the problem using Parseval's identity provided above? Using this, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result... Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$.
– JulianAngussmith
20 hours ago
@JulianAngussmith : isn't the integral of $f^{2}$ over [0,$pi$] equal to $pi$? I think that's what you are missing.
– Sorin Tirc
19 hours ago
Ah yes, thank you a lot! Can I also ask, why does $w=1$?
– JulianAngussmith
19 hours ago
add a comment |
up vote
2
down vote
up vote
2
down vote
As mentioned in the comments, you're looking for a series of sines, not cosines here. I'm guessing you went for cosines because the function is even, like cosine. But the interval you're looking at here is $[0,pi]$, not $[-pi,pi]$, and in fact in this interval it is the sine function that is symmetric (because $sin(pi-x)=sin x$).
Your Fourier series should then look something like $displaystyle sum a_ksinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right)$, where the $a_k$ are instead given by
$$a_k=frac{2}{pi}int_0^pi f(x)sinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right),dx$$
(so integrating over just half of the interval, from $0$ to $pi$).
Another way to get this same series is to instead extend $f$ by defining $$f(x)=begin{cases}1&x>0\-1&x<0end{cases}$$
on the entire interval $[-pi,pi]$. Now you can use the form of the Fourier series you have in your question; since the function is odd, its series will have only sines. On the interval $[0,pi]$ it is just equal to $1$ still, though.
As mentioned in the comments, you're looking for a series of sines, not cosines here. I'm guessing you went for cosines because the function is even, like cosine. But the interval you're looking at here is $[0,pi]$, not $[-pi,pi]$, and in fact in this interval it is the sine function that is symmetric (because $sin(pi-x)=sin x$).
Your Fourier series should then look something like $displaystyle sum a_ksinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right)$, where the $a_k$ are instead given by
$$a_k=frac{2}{pi}int_0^pi f(x)sinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right),dx$$
(so integrating over just half of the interval, from $0$ to $pi$).
Another way to get this same series is to instead extend $f$ by defining $$f(x)=begin{cases}1&x>0\-1&x<0end{cases}$$
on the entire interval $[-pi,pi]$. Now you can use the form of the Fourier series you have in your question; since the function is odd, its series will have only sines. On the interval $[0,pi]$ it is just equal to $1$ still, though.
answered 21 hours ago
Carmeister
2,5092920
2,5092920
Thanks, with you help I have found the correct Fourier sine series: $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ Could you please assist me in concluding the problem using Parseval's identity provided above? Using this, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result... Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$.
– JulianAngussmith
20 hours ago
@JulianAngussmith : isn't the integral of $f^{2}$ over [0,$pi$] equal to $pi$? I think that's what you are missing.
– Sorin Tirc
19 hours ago
Ah yes, thank you a lot! Can I also ask, why does $w=1$?
– JulianAngussmith
19 hours ago
add a comment |
Thanks, with you help I have found the correct Fourier sine series: $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ Could you please assist me in concluding the problem using Parseval's identity provided above? Using this, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result... Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$.
– JulianAngussmith
20 hours ago
@JulianAngussmith : isn't the integral of $f^{2}$ over [0,$pi$] equal to $pi$? I think that's what you are missing.
– Sorin Tirc
19 hours ago
Ah yes, thank you a lot! Can I also ask, why does $w=1$?
– JulianAngussmith
19 hours ago
Thanks, with you help I have found the correct Fourier sine series: $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ Could you please assist me in concluding the problem using Parseval's identity provided above? Using this, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result... Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$.
– JulianAngussmith
20 hours ago
Thanks, with you help I have found the correct Fourier sine series: $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ Could you please assist me in concluding the problem using Parseval's identity provided above? Using this, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result... Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$.
– JulianAngussmith
20 hours ago
@JulianAngussmith : isn't the integral of $f^{2}$ over [0,$pi$] equal to $pi$? I think that's what you are missing.
– Sorin Tirc
19 hours ago
@JulianAngussmith : isn't the integral of $f^{2}$ over [0,$pi$] equal to $pi$? I think that's what you are missing.
– Sorin Tirc
19 hours ago
Ah yes, thank you a lot! Can I also ask, why does $w=1$?
– JulianAngussmith
19 hours ago
Ah yes, thank you a lot! Can I also ask, why does $w=1$?
– JulianAngussmith
19 hours ago
add a comment |
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f2999381%2fusing-parsevals-identity-to-show-that-frac-pi28-1-frac132-frac1%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
1
The Fourier sine series should be a series in sine, not cosine. There should also be no constant term in the series.
– Mattos
22 hours ago
Crap. Is this because we are considering an odd function?
– JulianAngussmith
22 hours ago
No, it's because the question is asking you to compute the sine series. Note that $f$ is neither even nor odd as it stands, so you need to make an odd extension before computing the coefficients.
– Mattos
22 hours ago
I think you want the function as $f(x)=1$ for $0<x<pi$ and $f(x)=-1$ for $0>x>-pi$. You should get a sine series $sum_1^infty a_ksin kx$. But, if you ask me, complex Fourier series with terms $e^{inx}$ are easier to work with.
– Lord Shark the Unknown
22 hours ago
@Lord Shark the Unknown Yep, I agree with your extension of the function. You have forced it to be odd. How do I now calculate the Fourier series? For instance, do I now consider the interval $[-pi,pi]$? But then what value should I take for $f$? I very much appreciate your help.
– JulianAngussmith
22 hours ago