Is the use of 後で fading from usage in Japanese?











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When first studying Japanese, I learned that "after" in Japanese is 後で. But asking around and looking at regular usage, a lot of Japanese will tell me a sentence like the following is slightly unnatural:




映画を見た後で家に帰ってきました。




I actually tried making a few sentences with 後で and I kept getting corrected to either drop the で or use 後に. So, is 後で being used less these days? I see plenty of examples being used in the Tanaka Corpus, but that's a bit old.










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  • 3




    I think it is used quite a lot? Although in your example sentence I would go with てから...
    – bjorn
    yesterday

















up vote
10
down vote

favorite
1












When first studying Japanese, I learned that "after" in Japanese is 後で. But asking around and looking at regular usage, a lot of Japanese will tell me a sentence like the following is slightly unnatural:




映画を見た後で家に帰ってきました。




I actually tried making a few sentences with 後で and I kept getting corrected to either drop the で or use 後に. So, is 後で being used less these days? I see plenty of examples being used in the Tanaka Corpus, but that's a bit old.










share|improve this question




















  • 3




    I think it is used quite a lot? Although in your example sentence I would go with てから...
    – bjorn
    yesterday















up vote
10
down vote

favorite
1









up vote
10
down vote

favorite
1






1





When first studying Japanese, I learned that "after" in Japanese is 後で. But asking around and looking at regular usage, a lot of Japanese will tell me a sentence like the following is slightly unnatural:




映画を見た後で家に帰ってきました。




I actually tried making a few sentences with 後で and I kept getting corrected to either drop the で or use 後に. So, is 後で being used less these days? I see plenty of examples being used in the Tanaka Corpus, but that's a bit old.










share|improve this question















When first studying Japanese, I learned that "after" in Japanese is 後で. But asking around and looking at regular usage, a lot of Japanese will tell me a sentence like the following is slightly unnatural:




映画を見た後で家に帰ってきました。




I actually tried making a few sentences with 後で and I kept getting corrected to either drop the で or use 後に. So, is 後で being used less these days? I see plenty of examples being used in the Tanaka Corpus, but that's a bit old.







nuances conjunctions






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edited yesterday









broccoli forest

28.6k13595




28.6k13595










asked 2 days ago









Mac

512314




512314








  • 3




    I think it is used quite a lot? Although in your example sentence I would go with てから...
    – bjorn
    yesterday
















  • 3




    I think it is used quite a lot? Although in your example sentence I would go with てから...
    – bjorn
    yesterday










3




3




I think it is used quite a lot? Although in your example sentence I would go with てから...
– bjorn
yesterday






I think it is used quite a lot? Although in your example sentence I would go with てから...
– bjorn
yesterday












2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes

















up vote
11
down vote



accepted










There are several things to consider in answering your question.



An objective answer to your question would require a direct comparison between the total usage of 後で at two different points in time. This is not a trivial task and it requires more specific information, i.e. exactly which two time points to compare, what corpora you will base your conclusions on, whether you want to include Nounの後で or other variants as well, etc. You could then see if there is a pattern of attrition and perhaps even investigate the reasons.



If you are just looking for a subjective answer, then it is reasonable to ask native speakers but I think you would also have to use example sentences generated by native speakers. For example you could take 20 sentences containing 後で from a corpus and show them to Japanese people to ask whether they feel something is unnatural in the sentence. The reason I believe it is important to avoid non-native speaker examples is that they often have errors which can make the sentence sound unnatural for a variety of reasons that might not be immediately apparent, even to native speaker.



Take your sample sentence, for example.




映画を見た後で家に帰ってきました。




According to the Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar, 後で indicates "any space of time after" whereas ~てから indicates "the space of time following after". It may well be the case that   




映画を見てから家に帰ってきました。




would sound more natural to a native speaker precisely because of the implication that the action of going home immediately followed the action of watching the movie, and was not separated by "any space of time". So you could argue that 後で is not the appropriate term to use in this specific circumstance because of the meaning of the sentence. You have to be careful attributing a cause to an effect and so I think it is best to avoid sentences made by non native speakers.



Finally, when something does end up becoming obsolete there is usually a reason for it, and it's often the case that it is superseded by something else. You might investigate which terms are more likely to be used instead of 後で as another way to explore your question.



So without directly answering your question, I hope that helped. :)






share|improve this answer





















  • You pretty much confirmed my suspicions. I was just wondering if anyone else noticed this, since it's difficult to prove really.
    – Mac
    yesterday










  • By the way, てから doesn't seem to mean "the space of time following after" as the Dictionary would lead you to believe. In my research, it seems to mean more something like "once" as in "Once I go to the bathroom, I'll eat breakfast." It emphasizes the completion of one event before another takes place.
    – Mac
    yesterday






  • 1




    @Mac Perhaps, but then again the Dictionary of Japanese Grammar series is considered an authoritative source. Also, the sentence I used with てから is natural in Japanese but would sound somewhat unnatural (in my opinion) when translated as “Once I watched the movie I went home”. In other words, I’m not sure that “once” is the best translation of てから, at least in this case.
    – kandyman
    yesterday






  • 3




    @Mac where exactly does kandyman confirm your suspicions in this answer? I saw him saying (1) change in use is hard to analyze and (2) to check change in use it needs to be natural sentences (i.e., the sort native speakers make) rather use-mistakes...
    – virmaior
    yesterday










  • @Mac As noted above it was not my intention to confirm your suspicions. I think you made a premature conclusion.
    – kandyman
    yesterday


















up vote
4
down vote













This sentence sounds unnatural indeed. As you were instructed, either drop the で or use 後に, that will make it more natural.



I am quite sure the sentence has never sounded natural, actually. The reason it sounds unnatural is not because the language is changing.



In particular, 後で is used all the time, you can't spend a day at school or work without hearing it at least once.



It is just that you can't put this 後で inside this sentence. Consider this English sentence:




Afterwards watching the movie I came back home.




It sounds weird, not because "afterwards" is fading in usage, but just because it is the wrong word here, you should use "after" instead.






share|improve this answer





















  • The sentence listed above is from the Tanaka Corpus so somebody somewhere considered this natural at one time.
    – Mac
    14 hours ago






  • 1




    @Mac: "This corpus has many sentences that don't sound natural in Japanese." manythings.org/corpus/warning.html
    – Nicolas Raoul
    14 hours ago












  • Good to know! Maybe that is the issue I'm seeing. A lot of these sentences that use 後で are from the Tanaka Corpus or from textbooks (another questionable source).
    – Mac
    14 hours ago













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2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes








2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes








up vote
11
down vote



accepted










There are several things to consider in answering your question.



An objective answer to your question would require a direct comparison between the total usage of 後で at two different points in time. This is not a trivial task and it requires more specific information, i.e. exactly which two time points to compare, what corpora you will base your conclusions on, whether you want to include Nounの後で or other variants as well, etc. You could then see if there is a pattern of attrition and perhaps even investigate the reasons.



If you are just looking for a subjective answer, then it is reasonable to ask native speakers but I think you would also have to use example sentences generated by native speakers. For example you could take 20 sentences containing 後で from a corpus and show them to Japanese people to ask whether they feel something is unnatural in the sentence. The reason I believe it is important to avoid non-native speaker examples is that they often have errors which can make the sentence sound unnatural for a variety of reasons that might not be immediately apparent, even to native speaker.



Take your sample sentence, for example.




映画を見た後で家に帰ってきました。




According to the Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar, 後で indicates "any space of time after" whereas ~てから indicates "the space of time following after". It may well be the case that   




映画を見てから家に帰ってきました。




would sound more natural to a native speaker precisely because of the implication that the action of going home immediately followed the action of watching the movie, and was not separated by "any space of time". So you could argue that 後で is not the appropriate term to use in this specific circumstance because of the meaning of the sentence. You have to be careful attributing a cause to an effect and so I think it is best to avoid sentences made by non native speakers.



Finally, when something does end up becoming obsolete there is usually a reason for it, and it's often the case that it is superseded by something else. You might investigate which terms are more likely to be used instead of 後で as another way to explore your question.



So without directly answering your question, I hope that helped. :)






share|improve this answer





















  • You pretty much confirmed my suspicions. I was just wondering if anyone else noticed this, since it's difficult to prove really.
    – Mac
    yesterday










  • By the way, てから doesn't seem to mean "the space of time following after" as the Dictionary would lead you to believe. In my research, it seems to mean more something like "once" as in "Once I go to the bathroom, I'll eat breakfast." It emphasizes the completion of one event before another takes place.
    – Mac
    yesterday






  • 1




    @Mac Perhaps, but then again the Dictionary of Japanese Grammar series is considered an authoritative source. Also, the sentence I used with てから is natural in Japanese but would sound somewhat unnatural (in my opinion) when translated as “Once I watched the movie I went home”. In other words, I’m not sure that “once” is the best translation of てから, at least in this case.
    – kandyman
    yesterday






  • 3




    @Mac where exactly does kandyman confirm your suspicions in this answer? I saw him saying (1) change in use is hard to analyze and (2) to check change in use it needs to be natural sentences (i.e., the sort native speakers make) rather use-mistakes...
    – virmaior
    yesterday










  • @Mac As noted above it was not my intention to confirm your suspicions. I think you made a premature conclusion.
    – kandyman
    yesterday















up vote
11
down vote



accepted










There are several things to consider in answering your question.



An objective answer to your question would require a direct comparison between the total usage of 後で at two different points in time. This is not a trivial task and it requires more specific information, i.e. exactly which two time points to compare, what corpora you will base your conclusions on, whether you want to include Nounの後で or other variants as well, etc. You could then see if there is a pattern of attrition and perhaps even investigate the reasons.



If you are just looking for a subjective answer, then it is reasonable to ask native speakers but I think you would also have to use example sentences generated by native speakers. For example you could take 20 sentences containing 後で from a corpus and show them to Japanese people to ask whether they feel something is unnatural in the sentence. The reason I believe it is important to avoid non-native speaker examples is that they often have errors which can make the sentence sound unnatural for a variety of reasons that might not be immediately apparent, even to native speaker.



Take your sample sentence, for example.




映画を見た後で家に帰ってきました。




According to the Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar, 後で indicates "any space of time after" whereas ~てから indicates "the space of time following after". It may well be the case that   




映画を見てから家に帰ってきました。




would sound more natural to a native speaker precisely because of the implication that the action of going home immediately followed the action of watching the movie, and was not separated by "any space of time". So you could argue that 後で is not the appropriate term to use in this specific circumstance because of the meaning of the sentence. You have to be careful attributing a cause to an effect and so I think it is best to avoid sentences made by non native speakers.



Finally, when something does end up becoming obsolete there is usually a reason for it, and it's often the case that it is superseded by something else. You might investigate which terms are more likely to be used instead of 後で as another way to explore your question.



So without directly answering your question, I hope that helped. :)






share|improve this answer





















  • You pretty much confirmed my suspicions. I was just wondering if anyone else noticed this, since it's difficult to prove really.
    – Mac
    yesterday










  • By the way, てから doesn't seem to mean "the space of time following after" as the Dictionary would lead you to believe. In my research, it seems to mean more something like "once" as in "Once I go to the bathroom, I'll eat breakfast." It emphasizes the completion of one event before another takes place.
    – Mac
    yesterday






  • 1




    @Mac Perhaps, but then again the Dictionary of Japanese Grammar series is considered an authoritative source. Also, the sentence I used with てから is natural in Japanese but would sound somewhat unnatural (in my opinion) when translated as “Once I watched the movie I went home”. In other words, I’m not sure that “once” is the best translation of てから, at least in this case.
    – kandyman
    yesterday






  • 3




    @Mac where exactly does kandyman confirm your suspicions in this answer? I saw him saying (1) change in use is hard to analyze and (2) to check change in use it needs to be natural sentences (i.e., the sort native speakers make) rather use-mistakes...
    – virmaior
    yesterday










  • @Mac As noted above it was not my intention to confirm your suspicions. I think you made a premature conclusion.
    – kandyman
    yesterday













up vote
11
down vote



accepted







up vote
11
down vote



accepted






There are several things to consider in answering your question.



An objective answer to your question would require a direct comparison between the total usage of 後で at two different points in time. This is not a trivial task and it requires more specific information, i.e. exactly which two time points to compare, what corpora you will base your conclusions on, whether you want to include Nounの後で or other variants as well, etc. You could then see if there is a pattern of attrition and perhaps even investigate the reasons.



If you are just looking for a subjective answer, then it is reasonable to ask native speakers but I think you would also have to use example sentences generated by native speakers. For example you could take 20 sentences containing 後で from a corpus and show them to Japanese people to ask whether they feel something is unnatural in the sentence. The reason I believe it is important to avoid non-native speaker examples is that they often have errors which can make the sentence sound unnatural for a variety of reasons that might not be immediately apparent, even to native speaker.



Take your sample sentence, for example.




映画を見た後で家に帰ってきました。




According to the Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar, 後で indicates "any space of time after" whereas ~てから indicates "the space of time following after". It may well be the case that   




映画を見てから家に帰ってきました。




would sound more natural to a native speaker precisely because of the implication that the action of going home immediately followed the action of watching the movie, and was not separated by "any space of time". So you could argue that 後で is not the appropriate term to use in this specific circumstance because of the meaning of the sentence. You have to be careful attributing a cause to an effect and so I think it is best to avoid sentences made by non native speakers.



Finally, when something does end up becoming obsolete there is usually a reason for it, and it's often the case that it is superseded by something else. You might investigate which terms are more likely to be used instead of 後で as another way to explore your question.



So without directly answering your question, I hope that helped. :)






share|improve this answer












There are several things to consider in answering your question.



An objective answer to your question would require a direct comparison between the total usage of 後で at two different points in time. This is not a trivial task and it requires more specific information, i.e. exactly which two time points to compare, what corpora you will base your conclusions on, whether you want to include Nounの後で or other variants as well, etc. You could then see if there is a pattern of attrition and perhaps even investigate the reasons.



If you are just looking for a subjective answer, then it is reasonable to ask native speakers but I think you would also have to use example sentences generated by native speakers. For example you could take 20 sentences containing 後で from a corpus and show them to Japanese people to ask whether they feel something is unnatural in the sentence. The reason I believe it is important to avoid non-native speaker examples is that they often have errors which can make the sentence sound unnatural for a variety of reasons that might not be immediately apparent, even to native speaker.



Take your sample sentence, for example.




映画を見た後で家に帰ってきました。




According to the Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar, 後で indicates "any space of time after" whereas ~てから indicates "the space of time following after". It may well be the case that   




映画を見てから家に帰ってきました。




would sound more natural to a native speaker precisely because of the implication that the action of going home immediately followed the action of watching the movie, and was not separated by "any space of time". So you could argue that 後で is not the appropriate term to use in this specific circumstance because of the meaning of the sentence. You have to be careful attributing a cause to an effect and so I think it is best to avoid sentences made by non native speakers.



Finally, when something does end up becoming obsolete there is usually a reason for it, and it's often the case that it is superseded by something else. You might investigate which terms are more likely to be used instead of 後で as another way to explore your question.



So without directly answering your question, I hope that helped. :)







share|improve this answer












share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer










answered yesterday









kandyman

2,379519




2,379519












  • You pretty much confirmed my suspicions. I was just wondering if anyone else noticed this, since it's difficult to prove really.
    – Mac
    yesterday










  • By the way, てから doesn't seem to mean "the space of time following after" as the Dictionary would lead you to believe. In my research, it seems to mean more something like "once" as in "Once I go to the bathroom, I'll eat breakfast." It emphasizes the completion of one event before another takes place.
    – Mac
    yesterday






  • 1




    @Mac Perhaps, but then again the Dictionary of Japanese Grammar series is considered an authoritative source. Also, the sentence I used with てから is natural in Japanese but would sound somewhat unnatural (in my opinion) when translated as “Once I watched the movie I went home”. In other words, I’m not sure that “once” is the best translation of てから, at least in this case.
    – kandyman
    yesterday






  • 3




    @Mac where exactly does kandyman confirm your suspicions in this answer? I saw him saying (1) change in use is hard to analyze and (2) to check change in use it needs to be natural sentences (i.e., the sort native speakers make) rather use-mistakes...
    – virmaior
    yesterday










  • @Mac As noted above it was not my intention to confirm your suspicions. I think you made a premature conclusion.
    – kandyman
    yesterday


















  • You pretty much confirmed my suspicions. I was just wondering if anyone else noticed this, since it's difficult to prove really.
    – Mac
    yesterday










  • By the way, てから doesn't seem to mean "the space of time following after" as the Dictionary would lead you to believe. In my research, it seems to mean more something like "once" as in "Once I go to the bathroom, I'll eat breakfast." It emphasizes the completion of one event before another takes place.
    – Mac
    yesterday






  • 1




    @Mac Perhaps, but then again the Dictionary of Japanese Grammar series is considered an authoritative source. Also, the sentence I used with てから is natural in Japanese but would sound somewhat unnatural (in my opinion) when translated as “Once I watched the movie I went home”. In other words, I’m not sure that “once” is the best translation of てから, at least in this case.
    – kandyman
    yesterday






  • 3




    @Mac where exactly does kandyman confirm your suspicions in this answer? I saw him saying (1) change in use is hard to analyze and (2) to check change in use it needs to be natural sentences (i.e., the sort native speakers make) rather use-mistakes...
    – virmaior
    yesterday










  • @Mac As noted above it was not my intention to confirm your suspicions. I think you made a premature conclusion.
    – kandyman
    yesterday
















You pretty much confirmed my suspicions. I was just wondering if anyone else noticed this, since it's difficult to prove really.
– Mac
yesterday




You pretty much confirmed my suspicions. I was just wondering if anyone else noticed this, since it's difficult to prove really.
– Mac
yesterday












By the way, てから doesn't seem to mean "the space of time following after" as the Dictionary would lead you to believe. In my research, it seems to mean more something like "once" as in "Once I go to the bathroom, I'll eat breakfast." It emphasizes the completion of one event before another takes place.
– Mac
yesterday




By the way, てから doesn't seem to mean "the space of time following after" as the Dictionary would lead you to believe. In my research, it seems to mean more something like "once" as in "Once I go to the bathroom, I'll eat breakfast." It emphasizes the completion of one event before another takes place.
– Mac
yesterday




1




1




@Mac Perhaps, but then again the Dictionary of Japanese Grammar series is considered an authoritative source. Also, the sentence I used with てから is natural in Japanese but would sound somewhat unnatural (in my opinion) when translated as “Once I watched the movie I went home”. In other words, I’m not sure that “once” is the best translation of てから, at least in this case.
– kandyman
yesterday




@Mac Perhaps, but then again the Dictionary of Japanese Grammar series is considered an authoritative source. Also, the sentence I used with てから is natural in Japanese but would sound somewhat unnatural (in my opinion) when translated as “Once I watched the movie I went home”. In other words, I’m not sure that “once” is the best translation of てから, at least in this case.
– kandyman
yesterday




3




3




@Mac where exactly does kandyman confirm your suspicions in this answer? I saw him saying (1) change in use is hard to analyze and (2) to check change in use it needs to be natural sentences (i.e., the sort native speakers make) rather use-mistakes...
– virmaior
yesterday




@Mac where exactly does kandyman confirm your suspicions in this answer? I saw him saying (1) change in use is hard to analyze and (2) to check change in use it needs to be natural sentences (i.e., the sort native speakers make) rather use-mistakes...
– virmaior
yesterday












@Mac As noted above it was not my intention to confirm your suspicions. I think you made a premature conclusion.
– kandyman
yesterday




@Mac As noted above it was not my intention to confirm your suspicions. I think you made a premature conclusion.
– kandyman
yesterday










up vote
4
down vote













This sentence sounds unnatural indeed. As you were instructed, either drop the で or use 後に, that will make it more natural.



I am quite sure the sentence has never sounded natural, actually. The reason it sounds unnatural is not because the language is changing.



In particular, 後で is used all the time, you can't spend a day at school or work without hearing it at least once.



It is just that you can't put this 後で inside this sentence. Consider this English sentence:




Afterwards watching the movie I came back home.




It sounds weird, not because "afterwards" is fading in usage, but just because it is the wrong word here, you should use "after" instead.






share|improve this answer





















  • The sentence listed above is from the Tanaka Corpus so somebody somewhere considered this natural at one time.
    – Mac
    14 hours ago






  • 1




    @Mac: "This corpus has many sentences that don't sound natural in Japanese." manythings.org/corpus/warning.html
    – Nicolas Raoul
    14 hours ago












  • Good to know! Maybe that is the issue I'm seeing. A lot of these sentences that use 後で are from the Tanaka Corpus or from textbooks (another questionable source).
    – Mac
    14 hours ago

















up vote
4
down vote













This sentence sounds unnatural indeed. As you were instructed, either drop the で or use 後に, that will make it more natural.



I am quite sure the sentence has never sounded natural, actually. The reason it sounds unnatural is not because the language is changing.



In particular, 後で is used all the time, you can't spend a day at school or work without hearing it at least once.



It is just that you can't put this 後で inside this sentence. Consider this English sentence:




Afterwards watching the movie I came back home.




It sounds weird, not because "afterwards" is fading in usage, but just because it is the wrong word here, you should use "after" instead.






share|improve this answer





















  • The sentence listed above is from the Tanaka Corpus so somebody somewhere considered this natural at one time.
    – Mac
    14 hours ago






  • 1




    @Mac: "This corpus has many sentences that don't sound natural in Japanese." manythings.org/corpus/warning.html
    – Nicolas Raoul
    14 hours ago












  • Good to know! Maybe that is the issue I'm seeing. A lot of these sentences that use 後で are from the Tanaka Corpus or from textbooks (another questionable source).
    – Mac
    14 hours ago















up vote
4
down vote










up vote
4
down vote









This sentence sounds unnatural indeed. As you were instructed, either drop the で or use 後に, that will make it more natural.



I am quite sure the sentence has never sounded natural, actually. The reason it sounds unnatural is not because the language is changing.



In particular, 後で is used all the time, you can't spend a day at school or work without hearing it at least once.



It is just that you can't put this 後で inside this sentence. Consider this English sentence:




Afterwards watching the movie I came back home.




It sounds weird, not because "afterwards" is fading in usage, but just because it is the wrong word here, you should use "after" instead.






share|improve this answer












This sentence sounds unnatural indeed. As you were instructed, either drop the で or use 後に, that will make it more natural.



I am quite sure the sentence has never sounded natural, actually. The reason it sounds unnatural is not because the language is changing.



In particular, 後で is used all the time, you can't spend a day at school or work without hearing it at least once.



It is just that you can't put this 後で inside this sentence. Consider this English sentence:




Afterwards watching the movie I came back home.




It sounds weird, not because "afterwards" is fading in usage, but just because it is the wrong word here, you should use "after" instead.







share|improve this answer












share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer










answered yesterday









Nicolas Raoul

5,13312160




5,13312160












  • The sentence listed above is from the Tanaka Corpus so somebody somewhere considered this natural at one time.
    – Mac
    14 hours ago






  • 1




    @Mac: "This corpus has many sentences that don't sound natural in Japanese." manythings.org/corpus/warning.html
    – Nicolas Raoul
    14 hours ago












  • Good to know! Maybe that is the issue I'm seeing. A lot of these sentences that use 後で are from the Tanaka Corpus or from textbooks (another questionable source).
    – Mac
    14 hours ago




















  • The sentence listed above is from the Tanaka Corpus so somebody somewhere considered this natural at one time.
    – Mac
    14 hours ago






  • 1




    @Mac: "This corpus has many sentences that don't sound natural in Japanese." manythings.org/corpus/warning.html
    – Nicolas Raoul
    14 hours ago












  • Good to know! Maybe that is the issue I'm seeing. A lot of these sentences that use 後で are from the Tanaka Corpus or from textbooks (another questionable source).
    – Mac
    14 hours ago


















The sentence listed above is from the Tanaka Corpus so somebody somewhere considered this natural at one time.
– Mac
14 hours ago




The sentence listed above is from the Tanaka Corpus so somebody somewhere considered this natural at one time.
– Mac
14 hours ago




1




1




@Mac: "This corpus has many sentences that don't sound natural in Japanese." manythings.org/corpus/warning.html
– Nicolas Raoul
14 hours ago






@Mac: "This corpus has many sentences that don't sound natural in Japanese." manythings.org/corpus/warning.html
– Nicolas Raoul
14 hours ago














Good to know! Maybe that is the issue I'm seeing. A lot of these sentences that use 後で are from the Tanaka Corpus or from textbooks (another questionable source).
– Mac
14 hours ago






Good to know! Maybe that is the issue I'm seeing. A lot of these sentences that use 後で are from the Tanaka Corpus or from textbooks (another questionable source).
– Mac
14 hours ago




















 

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